نشریه پژوهش های زبان و ترجمه فرانسه
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 5، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Installed in space, the man begins the spiritual reconstruction of the space for spiritual interaction with that place. As he feels lonely, he seeks in a corner and divides his loneliness with space; also, recalling his memories, he breaks the geometric borders. Citing a phenomenological approach through intimate sites of human life, Gaston Bachelard represents his specific point of view about the topoanalysis. Because the lives of the protagonists of Italo Calvino and Paulo Coelho in The Baron in the Trees and The Alchemist are closely related to the space, we came to analyze, with point of view of Bachelard, the topoanalyse in these two works. The mentioned spaces in these works are like phenomena and earn their identity when they intermingle with the consciousness of the human. In this article, we will try to appear the application of Bachelard’s Poetic theory of space in The Alchemist by Coelho and The Baron in the Trees by Calvino to understand more about space in a phenomenological sense. Then, we will decipher how Calvino and Coelho will illustrate through the protagonists of their stories and crossing the outer worlds, the richness of the purest inner experiences arising from the imagination of Bachelard.

Duchet's sociocriticism lecture of the Swallows of Kabul by Yasmina KhadraAbstractThe Swallows of Kabul is the first work of the trilogy of Algerian author Yasmina Khazra in the 2002. This work narrates the fears and sufferings of the Afghan people during the Taliban era. What the author is trying to portray is the deplorable lives of the Afghan people during the Taliban regime.This article intends to study the social discourses of Swallows of Kabul using the socicriticism of Claude Duchet, which is based on text analysis. According to Duchet, the critic goes beyond the apparent content of the work and examines the structures in the work that are involved in the production of the content and its framework.Therefore, in this article, we intend to use this method to study the social discourses of the text, which are: family, woman, poverty and destruction, and then find the meaning of the signs and unspoken words that lie under each place, person or any sign in the text. The sociogram of this work, which is extremism and violence, is based on the approach that the text society is a reflection of the reference society, the Taliban-dominated Afghan society, and depicts the failures and eventual destruction of the Afghan people from the narrator's point of view.

This research is the case study of cleft structures in the translation of texts from French into Persian in the framework of Lambrecht’s information structure theory (1996). The study has been conducted on cleft sentences of six books in French and their translations in Persian. In this descriptive-analytic research, the cleft structures in French texts have been identified and compared with their equivalents in Persian translations. Then, the collected data have been classified separately based on Lambrecht’s information structure theory and the topic-focus relations. This research investigates semantic-pragmatic differences as well as distribution of new-old information in each case in the source language and the translation into the target language. The results of this study indicate that despite the possibility of using cleft structures in both languages, 58% of cleft sentences in French have been rendered into Persian non-cleft structures and only 42% of cleft sentences have been translated as clefts in Persian. Moreover, in the study of non-cleft translated sentences in Persian, 70% and 30% of the clefted constituents have occupied the topic and the non-topic positions respectively. In addition, by providing examples from the research data, it has been shown that the argument focus in cleft structures has been changed into predicate focus or sentence focus due to the shift of the syntactic structure, and as a result, the emphatic meaning of these sentences in the target language has been lost.

Translation of Poetry and its DifficultiesIlmira DadvarProfessor in Comparative literature studiesUniversity of Tehranidadvar@ut.ac.irAbstractTranslation has always been a bridge between two languages, two cultures, and two kinds of literature. For this reason, translation is one of the main pillars of comparative literature for all scholars of the subject. What is especially important in translation is knowing at least two languages other than one's own. In addition, the translator must be aware of grammar and cultural terms, semantic and implicit implications of his or her language, and that of another language; because translation must be essentially a re-creation of the work. Undoubtedly, one of the most challenging translations is the translation of poetry. For many, poetry is untranslatable. Poetry translation always carries the essential question: Was the translated poem trustworthy? Keep the same rythm? Did it equate the same concepts correctly or not? To this end, in this article, the translation of a lyric by Hafez into French by two translators, Charles-Henri de Fouchécour and Vincent-Mansour Monteil, will be studied and analyzed to determine whether the translations have been responsive to the comprehension of the specific French audience or not? Moreover, to what extent can the audience correctly understand the meaning of Hafez's sonnet? Expert opinions will pave the way for this study.Keywords: Translation, Comparative Literature, Hafez, Sonnet (Ghazal), Charles-Henri de Fouchécour, Vincent-Mansour Monteil

 One of the barriers for some foreign language learners is the anxiety and fear they face in the classroom, especially during speaking. The solution to this problem may lie in the choice of appropriate strategies, methods, teaching aids, and content. In this regard, this study aims to measure the effect of storytelling-based activities in the classroom on the student’s anxiety level while speaking. To achieve the above-mentioned goal, this article describes and analyzes the social representations that Iranian students establish combining the place of storytelling workshops in their French language learning process and their experiences during these workshops. This research was conducted by field study and data collection through semi-structured interviews with undergraduate students in French language and literature at the University of Tehran who had participated in the storytelling workshops in 2020. The analyzed data using the content analysis method indicate the existence of variables affecting the level of anxiety when speaking storytelling. The results of the study demonstrate the degree and the forms of student anxiety. Moreover, these analysis show that teachers can further help learners to acquire the needed skills to manage and cope with anxiety caused by speaking situations.Keywords: Anxiety, Oral expression, Storytelling, Iranian students, Learning French.

Translation has integrated with the language since its existence, and it remained an indispensable means to establish and strengthen communication between countries around the world. Therefore, the translation and in particular the translation of cultural elements in a text are of great importance in the exchange of various ways of thinking and living in the world. The objective of this research is to assess and examine the quality of the transfer of specific cultural elements in the translation of the book “Vous n'êtes pas sans savoirs” written by Houshang Moradi Kermani and translated into French by Dr. Mitra Farzad, For this reason, we benefit from theorical frameworks of Peter Newmark who is best known for his theories on the transmission of cultural elements, and his theories are mostly about translation and intercultural issues than any other and by comparing the two texts we analyze the methodes and their frequency The most important aims of this descriptive-analytical research indicate that in translating the terms and cultural elements of this book, the translator has used the method of reduction and expansion and descriptive equivalent to convey his meaning to the French-speaking audience, which is an indication of audience-oriented or destination-oriented translations. It is the source of fidelity to the culture and the source text.

This article is going to provide a contrastive analysis of Persian and French relative structure based on typological criterion for facilitating the process of learning French by Persian speaking learners. For this sake, Persian and French relative structure is studied from syntactic perspective based on contrastive analysis hypothesis. The results of contrasting syntactic structure show that Persian and French as two Indo-European languages have external-headed and postnominal relative structure. This means that Relative clause is embedded to the main clause in both languages . Furthermore, the position of Persian and French in the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (presented by Keenan & Comeri 1977) is almost the same. However, relative marker, relativization strategies and Relative clause extrapositon are the main syntactic differences of two languages. Persian uses just one complementizer (ke) as its relative marker but French has 6 relative markers which are either relative pronoun or complementizer. Persian has gap and pronoun retention strategies while French uses just relative pronoun strategy. Furthermore, French Relative clause has more constraints for being extraposed to postverbal position in comparison to Persian one. As the last point, Relative clauses are linguistic habit in French and have a higher frequency of usage than Persian Relative clause.

Translation from one language to another has many problems, but if the translation is done from an intermediary language, the problem becomes more complicated and worse. In this research, an attempt has been made to reveal and measure the effect of translation from intermediate language. For this purpose, we have considered the source text of the book The Death of Artemio Cruz by Fuentes, which is written in Spanish. First, we examined the level of loyalty of the two French and English translators of this work to study the process of the effect of its two Persian translations, which were translated from the intermediate language, one from French and the other from English. We used Julian House's theory to analyze the data collected and evaluate the translators' loyalty. The book Death of Artemio Cruz was translated by Mehdi Sahabi from French and Mahshid Zargham from English. According to the results, in the first place, the French translator has acted in an acceptable way compared to the English translator. On this basis, Mehdi Sahabi, who has translated from the French version, has surpassed Zargham in transmitting linguistic and cultural issues. Therefore, although subtleties of the original text are lost during translation, especially from the intermediate language, if the first translator is relatively successful in his work, the second translator, in turn, will do the right thing.

In the field of the sociology of literature, many and varied views have been expressed, among which Claude Duchet’s approach has the greatest focus on the text. This method of literary criticism explores and reveals social realities through reading the literary text. The sociocritical is more inclined to social analysis of behaviors and seeks to find social signs and phenomena in the heart of the literary text. Considering that contemporary French literature has been greatly influenced by social developments, a great number of writers have always tried to write works inspired by social realities. Pierre Lemaitre is one of them who, in his famous work, entitled The Great Swindle, writes a story influenced by the First World War and refers to the consequences of the social life of this important historical event in French society. In this article, an attempt has been made to analyze Pierre Lemaitre’s work using the sociocritical of the prominent contemporary literary critic, Claude Duchet, the social infrastructure of the novel The Great Swindle. To do this, we studied and analyzed the text according to Duchet’s analytical concepts such as text society, reference society and sociogram. After explaining each concept, we showed it in the novel.